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Correctly defining ISO in digital cameras can get fairly complex. If you want to find out more about ISO in digital cameras. I m a fresher photographer & I had confused because of iso but u explained. In this video I give a basic explanation of ISO in digital photography and video. I explain why a higher ISO results in more noise. ISO Camera Setting Explained. Photography for Beginners. ISO refers to how sensitive the camera's sensor is. ISO is a standard telling you how sensitive your film/digital sensor is to light. Equipment; Inspiration; News; Reviews; Tutorials; Archives. A Simple Explanation of How ISO Works in Digital. ISO speed the manufacturer shall put on the box of film. This is. usually ISO 1. ISO 2. 00 for modern sensors. It is supposed to be. Canon has never published the native ISO speed of the sensors used. DSLRs. ISO speeds below this. L0. 3, L0. 7 and L1. The amount of charge that has accumulated. The accumulated charge from each photon well can be converted into a. When a photo well has accumulated the maximum charge it can. The native quantum efficiency (the. ISO of the sensor. In addition to the signal, some noise is also produced by the. It is cut off by the noise floor to the. This is very different from film. However, as is illustrated in the figure below, they are. When you do, the camera. ISO speed. Also the digitized RAW data. This means that the full bit depth of the A/D Converter. A/D Converter. When we. The image on. the left is taken with the camera set to ISO 3. The image on the right is taken with the camera set to ISO. ISO of the Nikon D7. For the native digital ISO. For ISO latitude, the upper ISO speed is determined by a higher but. ISO speed is determined by how much highlight clipping. Because exposure duration, temperature and humidity can affect. ISO standard cites specifics for each of. In real life, we shoot at a wide range of shutter speeds. But like ISO film speeds. ISO speeds provide us with a standard starting point. Using a Wider A/D Converter. For a long time, 1. A/D Converters in. Instead of analogue amplification, it is possible can. A/D Converter converter with higher than required bit. One bit is lost for each multiplication by two (1 EV). Debt Management Programs: Pros and Cons. A debt management plan is part of the package of debt consolidation plans that are designed to help people regain control of their finances while reducing unsecured debts. An unsecured debt is one that is not backed by collateral, and includes credit cards, medical bills and student loans. It is one of several ways you can take control of your debt and reduces the number of payments you make each month and can save you money in interest and fees. Those who enroll make monthly deposits with a credit counseling organization, which then is used to pay the debts according to a predetermined payment schedule developed by the counselor and creditors.
Your monthly payment is tailored to what the customer can afford, and you know before agreeing to take part in the program what that monthly amount is. An analysis of household income vs. Debt definition, something that is owed or that one is bound to pay to or perform for another: a debt of $50. A Debt Management Plan (DMP) is a personalized payment agreement between a creditor and a debtor, and can be utilized to help take control of personal debt. Debt negotiation often results in the debtor paying. Negotiation is a two way conversation that by definition is intended to give both parties what they want through compromise and. A debt arrangement gives the borrowing party permission to borrow money under the condition that it is to be paid back at a. Connect With Investopedia; Work With Investopedia; About Us; Advertise With Us; Write For Us. What does debt management mean in finance? Debt management financial definition of debt management. Debt Forgiveness Program; Debt GDP Ratio; Debt GDP Ratios; Debt Income Ratios. He or she will work with your creditors to negotiate interest rates and to come up with a payment schedule, which you will review and approve before beginning the plan. Once it is determined how much money is left after basic living costs like rent, mortgage, utility bills, secured loans and living expenses are paid, the remaining amount can be divided among creditors. Then, you. In turn, the organization will distribute the money to your creditors according to the agreed- upon payment schedule. Participating in a debt management plan will cost you very little. After counseling sessions, you should only pay a small one- time set- up fee and a small monthly maintenance fee. Avoid any credit counseling organization that requires an application fee, membership fee, upfront fee or per- creditor fee. 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If one debt is paid off before the others, your monthly payment remains the same. Any extra funds are split among the remaining creditors to pay off those debts faster. If you have any questions about the terms or conditions, call the credit counseling agency in charge of the agreement. They are your liaison with creditors and can smooth out any issues you have. If you suddenly run into an unexpected amount of money, you can pay off your balance early with no penalty. Things You Should Know About Debt Management Programs: A debt management program is one way to dig your way out of debt troubles, but there are some things that should be considered before enrolling: DMPs are 3- to- 5 year programs. That requires a lot of discipline and commitment. Some agencies may allow one card for emergency use, but this can be a difficult hurdle for people. 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When debt is fully repaid, send status update to national credit reporting agencies. If the three parties work together responsibly, the program should eliminate all debts within 3- to- 5 years. Debt Management Plan FAQs. If I enroll in a debt management plan, can I continue to use my credit cards? Most debt management companies require you to close credit card accounts since those are usually the cause of debt. Some companies will allow you to retain one credit card for emergency, travel or business use. The good news is that credit card companies are eager to renew a relationship with you when you complete the program. How does a debt management program affect my credit? Experian, one of the three major credit bureau companies in the U. S., said the impact on your score should be minimal if you and the agency making payments for you, are on- time every month. If lenders look at your full credit report while you are in a DMP, they will see that you are repaying the debt at a reduced rate and it may affect their final decision on whether to grant you a loan. There are some variables in how a debt management plan affects credit, but the general rule is a slightly negative impact early because credit card accounts are closed, then a gradual positive impact as on- time payments are received and reported by creditors. When all debts are eliminated, there should be a generous impact on your credit score. Can I have only the bills that are causing me problems involved in the debt management program? No. All eligible unsecured debt must be accounted for in a debt management plan, even those bills that you typically have no problem making payments on. The credit counseling agency in charge of your debt payment plan will want a full accounting of income and expenses in order to arrive at an accurate amount available to make the monthly DMP payments so be prepared to include all eligible debts. Can you enroll online? Consumers can sign up online, but most go through a phone interview with a credit counselor to determine if their situation qualifies for a DMP. The phone interviews range from 2. Interest rates are variable and the credit counseling agency will work to get you the best rates possible. How does a debt management program compare with a debt consolidation loan? Both are possible solutions to problems with debt. A debt management program is not a loan. It consolidates unsecured debts and tries to lower monthly payments through reductions on interest rates and penalty fees. With a debt consolidation loan, you would have to qualify to borrow the amount needed to pay off your debt. The interest rate is normally fixed and, depending on your credit score and history, may need to be secured with collateral like a home or car. Debt consolidation loans usually run 3- 5 years. What are the fees? The best debt management companies typically are nonprofit credit counseling agencies, who normally charge somewhere between $2. There also is a set- up fee that varies by state, but the industry average is around $7. What type of loans, debts and accounts can be included? Unsecured debt such as credit cards and medical bills are, by far, the most common debts associated with debt management programs. Utilities, rent and cell phone services are other types of unsecured debt that could be part of a DMP. There is no hard- and- fast rule for how far in debt you must be to get in a program, but most creditors and legitimate credit counseling agencies say your financial situation needs to be severe. 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China. 2School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 2. China. Copyright . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dynamic analysis of supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid is investigated in Hamiltonian system using precise integration method (PIM). First, symplectic canonical equations of supported pipes are deduced with state variable vectors composed of displacement and momentum. Then, PIM with linear interpolation formula is proposed to solve these equations. Finally, this approach's precision is testified by several numerical examples of pinned- pinned pipes with different fluid velocities and frequencies. The results show that PIM is an efficient and rapid approach for flow- induced dynamic analysis o f supported pipes. Introduction. As the pipes are widely used in many industrial fields, flow- induced vibration analysis of pipes conveying fluid has been one of the attractive subjects in structural dynamics. It is well known that pipeline systems may undergo divergence and flutter types of instabilities generated by fluid- structure interaction. Over the last sixty years, extensive studies have been carried out on dynamic analysis of pipeline systems subject to different boundary conditions and loadings. Notable contributions in this area include the works of Chen . At present, most of the research is concentrated on nonlinear dynamic analysis of pipes conveying pulsating fluid. A recent survey on bifurcations for supported pipes can be found in . Then many numerical methods, such as transfer matrix method, finite element method, perturbation method, Runge- Kutta method, and differential quadrature method, are applied to solve these equations. Furthermore, Modarres- Sadeghi and Pa. Those calculated frequencies were in good agreement with experiment results. Considering the effect of the internal and external fluids, the three- dimensional nonlinear differential equations of a fluid- conveying pipe undergoing overall motions were derived based on Kane. Moreover, the time histories for the displacements were obtained using the incremental harmonic balance method. Based on Timoshenko beam model, Shen et al. These methods have proved to be effective in analyzing flow- induced vibration of certain pipes. It is well known that analysis of pipe dynamics could be conducted based on the energy- based approach according to Hamiltonian principle . However, these approximation methods mentioned above are not ideal for Hamiltonian systems . Recently, many numerical algorithms, which can inherit the symplectic structure of Hamiltonian system, have been studied. Especially, Zhong and Williams . Moreover, this approach has been applied to solving complicated inhomogeneous problems with nonlinear time- variant item, for example, Floquet transition matrix, control problems, and so on . In this paper, a Hamiltonian model of nonlinear flow- induced dynamics of supported pipes is analyzed numerically using precise integration method. Firstly, nonlinear equations of supported pipes conveying harmonically fluctuating fluid are deduced to two- order ordinary differential equations using the Galerkin. Then the equations are transformed into symplectic canonical equations composed of displacement and momentum. Moreover, PIM with linear interpolation formula is proposed. Finally, several numerical examples of pinned- pinned pipe conveying pulsating fluid are used to testify the precision of this approach. The results are compared with those using traditional Runge- Kutta method. The influence of different fluid parameters on nonlinear behaviors of supported pipes is also discussed. Formulation of Problem in Hamiltonian System. In this section, typical governing equations of supported pipe conveying fluid are deduced in Hamiltonian system. Equation of Motion. We consider a straight supported pipe conveying the harmonically pulsating flow (Figure 1). It is assumed that the motion is planar, and the pipe is nominally horizontal. The cross- sectional area of the flow is assumed constant. The effects of gravity and external tension are ignored. Moreover, the pipe behaves like an Euler- Bernoulli beam in transverse vibration and the fluid is assumed to be incompressible. Figure 1: The simply supported pipe conveying fluid. The transverse motion equation of the pipe is given by Pa. This fluctuating flow velocity appears as parametric excitation term in the equation of motion and may lead to parametric instabilities. Then we discretize (2. Galerkin. Let. where () are generalized coordinates of the discretized pipe and are eigenfunctions of the beam with the same boundary conditions. It has been pointed out that instability boundaries for supported pipes could be determined with adequate precision using the two- mode expansion . So the two- mode expansion of (2. Substitute (2. 7) with into (2. Then according to the orthogonal property of modal modes, the partial differential equation could be transformed into the second- order ordinary differential equation. In (2. 9), and denote the structural damping matrix and stiffness matrix, respectively. These two matrices are associated with systematic parameters, such as dimensionless flow velocity and mass ratio . Moreover, , , and are matrices with elements , , and (), respectively. They are defined as. Different value should be taken for those three parameters depending on different boundary conditions of the pipe. For the pinned- pinned pipe, we have 2. Symplectic Canonical Equation. According to Hamiltonian principle, the nonlinear equation of supported pipe conveying pulsating fluid can be transformed into symplectic canonical equation with state variable vectors composed of displacement and corresponding momentum . So, we can see that is a Hamiltonian symplectic matrix and is a time- variant matrix related to state variable vectors. Precise Integration Method with Linear Interpolation Approximation. In this section, the principle of precise integration method is briefly introduced. For a more detailed explanation, it is suggested that . Integration of Homogeneous Equation. The general solution of homogeneous equation can be expressed as. Suppose that the time step is , and then we have the following recursive steps. It is seen that how to compute the exponential matrix is essential for the integration precision. Then split the time interval into a smaller one. As is small, is an extremely small time interval. Assume that , execute the cycle. So is no longer a very small matrix. It could be computed by the following function: The algorithm given above is called precise integration method. It has no serious numerical round- off error and could approach full computer precision . Integration of Inhomogeneous Equation. In this subsection, PIM with linear interpolation formula would be proposed to solve inhomogeneous equations. With the solution of homogeneous equation, (2. Then its solution could be given by the Duhamel. The response between can be written as. To solve this inhomogeneous equation, the analytical expression of the time- variant item is required. But it is not always available. In this study, the linear interpolation formula is used to approximate this nonlinear item. Assume that. where. Substituting (3. 8) into (3. Thus, we have the numerical expression of symplectic canonical equation using PIM with linear interpolation formula. In the next section, this method would be used to investigate the motion of supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid under different conditions. Numerical Examples. In this section, several numerical examples of pinned- pinned pipes are used to testify the effectiveness of precise integration method. Dynamic Response of Pipes Conveying Stable Fluid. In this subsection, this approach is used to analyze the dynamic response of stable fluid- conveying pipes, especially for their computation stability after a long period. In this case, the pipe. The results are compared with those using traditional forth- order Runge- Kutta method. Consider that the dimensionless mean flow velocity is 2. The initial conditions are chosen to be . Figure 2 illustrates time history of four state variables of pipe. Figure 2: Time history of four state variables using Runge- Kutta method. Figure 3: Time history of four state variables using precise integration method. It can be found that there are evident differences for four state variables. The amplitudes in Figure 2 decrease gradually with time. When the simulation time is long enough, state variables may converge to zero. However, those in Figure 3 still keep constant with time, which are almost unaffected by the time step. So we can conclude that there is the energy dissipation using traditional Runge- Kutta method, which cannot get the accurate numerical results. However, precise integration method is an energy conservative method and could maintain the stability of the numerical simulation in the long period of time. Table 1 lists the computation time needed for two methods, as two different time intervals are selected. It can be noted that precise integration method needs much less computing time than Runge- Kutta method. Table 1: Computation time needed using two methods. Dynamic Response of Pipes Conveying Pulsating Fluid. In this subsection, PIM with linear approximation is used to analyze the dynamic response of supported pipes conveying harmonically pulsating fluid. Similarly, the results are compared with those using forth- order Runge- Kutta method. Consider the dimensionless mean flow velocity is 1, the amplitude , the frequency , the mass ratio , and the fluid pressure . |
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